PHP

Facebook uses PHP because it is an excellent  web programming language with extensive support and an active developer community and it is good for rapid iteration. PHP is a dynamically typed/interpreted scripting language.

Memcache

Memcache is a memory caching system that is used to speed up dynamic database-driven websites (like Facebook) by caching data and objects in RAM to reduce reading time. Memcache is Facebook’s primary form of caching and helps alleviate the database load.

Having a caching system allows Facebook to be as fast as it is at recalling your data. If it doesn’t have to go to the database it will just fetch your data from the cache based on your user ID.

Downsides to Using LAMP

Facebook has realized that there are downsides to using the LAMP stack. Notably, PHP is not necessarily optimized for large websites and therefore hard to scale. Also, it is not the fastest executing language and the extension framework is difficult to use.

Mike Schroepfer, Facebook’s Vice President of Engineering, recently did an interview at Em Tech concerning this. “Scaling any website is a challenge,” Schroepfer said, “but scaling a social network has unique challenges.”

He went on to say that unlike other websites, you can’t just add more servers to solve the problem because of Facebook’s “huge interconnected dataset.” New connections are created all the time due to user activity.

Facebook has grown so quickly that they are often faced with issues regarding database queries, caching, and storage of data. Their database is huge and largely complex.

To account for this, Facebook has started a lot of open source projects and backend services.

How Does Facebook Work?—The Back End

Facebook’s backend services are written in a lot of different of different programming languages including C++, Java, Python, and Erlang. Their philosophy for the creation of services is as follows:

1. Create a service if needed

2. Create a framework/toolset for easier creation of services

3. Use the right programming language for the task

A list of all of Facebook’s open source developments can be found here. I will discuss a few of the main tools that Facebook has developed.

/facebook_internet_architecture.html

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HipHop for PHP

HipHop for PHP is a source code transformer for PHP script code and was created to save server resources. HipHop transforms PHP source code into optimized C++. After doing this, it uses g++ to compile it to machine code.

Final

In a basic package, that’s Facebook. This post could easily be 69 pages longer if I were to go into more detail, but to answer the question “How does Facebook work?” I think this will do ok. If you look past all of the features and innovations the main idea behind Facebook is really very basic—keeping people connected.

Facebook realizes the power of social networking and is constantly innovating to keep their service the best in the business.